The Clinical Learning Environment in CanMEDS 2025

Thoma B, Karwowska A, Samson L, et al. Emerging concepts in the CanMEDS physician competency framework. Can Med Ed J. 2023. https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.75591

Nixon SA. The coin model of privilege and critical allyship: implications for health. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec;19(1637):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7884-9

Irby DM. Improving environments for learning in the health professions. In Proceedings of a conference sponsored by Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation in April 2018 Apr 15 (pp. 1-16).

Nordquist J, Hall J, Caverzagie K, Snell L, Chan MK, Thoma B, Razack S, Philibert I. The clinical learning environment. Med Teach. 2019 Apr 3;41(4):366-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2019.1566601

Lerner BH. A case that shook medicine. The Washington Post. 2006 Nov 28.

Philibert I, Friedmann P, Williams WT. New requirements for resident duty hours. Jama. 2002 Sep 4;288(9):1112-4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.9.1112

Amutah C, Greenidge K, Mante A, et al. Misrepresenting race—the role of medical schools in propagating physician bias. New Eng J Med. 2021 Mar 4;384(9):872-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2025768

Barceló NE, Shadravan S. Race, metaphor, and myth in academic medicine. Acad Psych. 2021 Feb;45(1):100-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-020-01331-9

Hogan AJ. Social and medical models of disability and mental health: evolution and renewal. CMAJ. 2019 Jan 7;191(1):E16-8. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.181008

Osei-Tutu K, Ereyi-Osas W, Sivananthajothy P, Rabi D. Antiracism as a foundational competency: reimagining CanMEDS through an antiracist lens. CMAJ. 2022 Dec 19;194(49):1691-3. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.220521

Hill KA, Samuels EA, Gross CP, et al. Assessment of the prevalence of medical student mistreatment by sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 May 1;180(5):653-65. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0030

Mpalirwa J, Lofters A, Nnorom O, Hanson MD. Patients, pride, and prejudice: exploring Black Ontarian physicians’ experiences of racism and discrimination. Acad Med. 2020 Nov 1;95(11S):S51-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003648

Edmondson A. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Admin science quarterly. 1999 Jun;44(2):350-83. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999

Canadian Residency Accreditation Consortium. General standards of accreditation for residency programs. https://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/canera/general-standards-accreditation-for-residency-programs-e [Accessed on Jan 18 2022].

Bynum WE, Haque TM. Risky business: psychological safety and the risks of learning medicine. JGME. 2016 Dec;8(5):780-2. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-16-00549.1

Riskin A, Erez A, Foulk TA, et al. The impact of rudeness on medical team performance: a randomized trial. Peds. 2015 Sep 1;136(3):487-95. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1385

Appelbaum NP, Dow A, Mazmanian PE, Jundt DK, Appelbaum EN. The effects of power, leadership and psychological safety on resident event reporting. Med ed. 2016 Mar;50(3):343-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12947

Dahl AB, Abdallah AB, Maniar H, et al. Building a collaborative culture in cardiothoracic operating rooms: pre and postintervention study protocol for evaluation of the implementation of team STEPPS training and the impact on perceived psychological safety. BMJ open. 2017 Sep 1;7(9):e017389. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017389

Richardson D, Kinnear B, Hauer KE, et al, ICBME Collaborators. Growth mindset in competency-based medical education. Med teach. 2021 Jul 3;43(7):751-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1928036

Keith L. A Journey we walk together: strengthening Indigenous Cultural Competency in Health Organizations. First Nations Health Managers Association and Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement. https://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/docs/default-source/itr/tools-and-resources/indigenous-cultural-competency-primer-e.pdf. [Accessed on May 9, 2022].